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| Navasota Education Foundation Meeting | Navasota Independent School District |
| Posted on Tuesday, January 14 @ 00:00:16 PST (20 reads) | |
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| Satellite Market Size Forecasted to Grow at 8.1% CAGR, Reaching US$ 615.7 Billio |
| Posted on Tuesday, January 14 @ 00:00:16 PST (53 reads) | |
|
|
The global satellite market size was valued at $286 billion in 2022, is projected to reach $615.7 billion by 2032, grow at a cagr of 8.1% from 2023 to 2032.
by function, the satellite services segment is anticipated to exhibit significant growth in the future.”
wilmington, new castle, de, united states, january 14, 2025 /— roshan deshmukh
[einpresswire.Com](https://www.Einpresswire.Com/)/ -- according to a new report published by allied market research, titled, “
[satellite market](https://www.Alliedmarketresearch.Com/satellite-market)size, share, competitive landscape and trend analysis report, by function, by orbit type, by application, by end use : global opportunity analysis and industry forecast, 2023-2032 the satellite market was valued at $286.00 billion in 2022, and is estimated to reach $615.7 billion by 2032, growing at a cagr of 8.1% from 2023 to 2032. The research provides a current evaluation of the global market landscape, highlighting recent trends, key drivers, and the overall market environment. The study examines the main factors influencing industry expansion, analyzing both its growth drivers and restraints. Additionally, it sheds light on factors expected to offer promising opportunities for development of industry in the future.
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factors such as increase in the number of space exploration missions, rise in demand for satellite-based warfare, and increase in deployment of small satellites drive the growth of the market across the globe. In addition, factors such as interference in satellite data transmission and stringent government regulations act as a barrier for the growth of the market across the globe. However, factors such as increase in demand for space data and new application areas for satellites create ample opportunities for the growth of the market during the forecast period.
north america leads the satellite industry in terms of revenue in 2022. Increase in use of satellites in businesses such as telecommunications, defense, and space exploration propels the growth of the satellite market in north america. In major north american economies, satellites are increasingly being utilized to speed up the deployment of communication services.
increase in adoption of artificial intelligence (ai), machine learning (ml), and cloud computing within the space sector, particularly in commercial satellite imaging and earth observation, is anticipated to be a significant driver for the market growth. For instance, in september 2023, amazon web services (aws) india entered a strategic memorandum of understanding (mou) with the indian space research organisation (isro) and the indian national space promotion and authorisation centre (in-space). This collaboration aims to bolster space technology innovations by harnessing the power of cloud computing. By leveraging awss cloud services, isro and in-space may enhance their capabilities in space research, satellite technology, and related fields, fostering innovation and efficiency in space programs.
moreover, the military collaborates with satellite companies for designing, developing, and fabricating communication satellites to train its officers. For instance, in july 2022, the indian army aimed to use a small communication satellite for training its students from the corps of signals at the military college of telecommunication engineering. The u.S, russia, and india as well as other big economies, have developed dedicated space force groups to establish space defense infrastructure. Satellite technologies are rapidly being used by military forces globally to supplement their defense capabilities.
the satellite market is segmented on the basis of orbit type, function, application, end use, and region. By orbit type, the market is segmented into leo, meo, and geo. By function, the market is segmented into satellite services, ground equipment, satellite manufacturing, and satellite launch. By application, the market is segmented into communication, earth observation, navigation, and technology development and education. By end use, the market is divided into military, government and civil, and commercial. By region, the market is studied across north america, europe, asia-pacific and lamea.
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by function, the ground equipment segment held the highest market share in 2022, accounting for nearly half of the global satellite market revenue and is estimated to maintain its dominance during the forecast period. The ground equipment segment in the satellite market includes infrastructure, hardware, and technology required for reception, transmission, and control of satellite signals. This includes ground stations, antennas, modems, and other equipment. Ground equipment is shifting towards automation and remote management, simplifying the operation and maintenance of satellite communication systems, reducing operational complexities.
the satellite services segment is expected to register the highest cagr of 8.6% from 2023 to 2032. A significant trend in satellite services is the expansion of satellite-based internet services, especially in remote and underserved areas, effectively bridging the digital divide and offering global connectivity. The segment is witnessing advancements in high-throughput satellites, which offer faster data speeds and improved broadband services, enhancing the quality of service.
by orbit type, the leo segment held the highest market share in 2022, accounting for more than half of the global satellite market revenue and is estimated to maintain its leadership status during the forecast period. The leo segment is also projected to manifest the highest cagr of 8.6% from 2023 to 2032. Adoption of leo satellites have increased over the years, owing to its advantages such as shorter orbital periods, higher orbital velocities, shorter trips, low cost, and reduced latency. Satellites in leo orbit is often used for satellite imaging owing to its closeness to the earth and ability to provide higher resolution imagery.
by application, the communication segment held the highest market share in 2022, accounting for more than two-fifths of the global satellite market revenue and is estimated to maintain its dominance during the forecast period. The communication segment is also projected to manifest the highest cagr of 9.0% from 2023 to 2032. Satellite technology is being used by companies including virgin galactic, spacex, and others for a variety of communication applications, including broadband internet, machine-to-machine communications, and government telecom. Government expenditures on space infrastructure upgrades globally are increasing, as is the need for high-quality communications services for customers.
by end use, the commercial segment held the highest market share in 2022, accounting for three-fourths of the global satellite market revenue and is estimated to maintain its lead during the forecast period. Satellites or spacecraft are used in the commercial sectors such as agriculture, energy, forestry, civil engineering, media & entertainment, and archaeology to offer high-resolution earth photography, internet access, and communication services from orbit. In addition, satellite usage in the commercial sector has expanded dramatically in recent years, owing to the reduction of heavy satellite components, standardization of satellite parts, and lower costs.
region-wise, north america held the highest market share in terms of revenue in 2022, accounting for more than two-fifths of the global satellite market revenue. The need for satellite networks and services for commercial purposes has grown significantly in recent years. The satellite industry has also benefited from the arrival of businesses such as google and facebook with commercial services that need satellite bandwidth and networks. Moreover, a substantial increase in space launches in the u.S. By industry leaders such as spacex, virgin galactic, rocket lab usa, and others, fuels the expansion of satellite market in north america.
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the key players profiled in the global satellite market include airbus, boeing, intelsat, lockheed martin corporation, spacex, l3harris technologies, inc., Safran sa, ses s.A., Inmarsat global limited, and northrop grumman corporation. These players are adopting strategies to enhance their satellite market share.
key benefits for stakeholders:
? This report provides a quantitative analysis of the market segments, current trends, estimations, and dynamics of the satellite market analysis from 2022 to 2032 to identify the prevailing
[satellite market opportunities](https://www.Alliedmarketresearch.Com/press-release/satellite-market.Html).
? The market research is offered along with information related to key drivers, restraints, and opportunities.
? Porters five forces analysis highlights the potency of buyers and suppliers to enable stakeholders make profit-oriented business decisions and strengthen their supplier-buyer network.
? In-depth analysis of the satellite market segmentation assists to determine the prevailing market opportunities.
? Major countries in each region are mapped according to their revenue contribution to the global market.
? Market player positioning facilitates benchmarking and provides a clear understanding of the present position of the market players.
? The report includes the analysis of the regional as well as global satellite market trends, key players, market segments, application areas, and market growth strategies.
reasons to buy this satellite market report:
? Mergers and acquisitions should be well-planned by identifying the best manufacturer.
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explore amr’s extensive ongoing coverage on aerospace and defense domain:
? Satellite manufacturing market opportunity analysis and industry forecast, 2021-2031
[https://www.Alliedmarketresearch.Com/satellite-manufacturing-market-a13678](https://www.Alliedmarketresearch.Com/satellite-manufacturing-market-a13678)
? Drone software market opportunity analysis and industry forecast, 2021-2031
[https://www.Alliedmarketresearch.Com/drone-software-market-a09617](https://www.Alliedmarketresearch.Com/drone-software-market-a09617)
? Tactical communication market opportunity analysis and industry forecast, 2021-2031
[https://www.Alliedmarketresearch.Com/tactical-communication-market-a09640](https://www.Alliedmarketresearch.Com/tactical-communication-market-a09640)
? Aerostructures market opportunity analysis and industry forecast, 2023-2032
[https://www.Alliedmarketresearch.Com/aerostructures-market-a126733](https://www.Alliedmarketresearch.Com/aerostructures-market-a126733)
? Drone service market opportunity analysis and industry forecast, 2021-2030
[https://www.Alliedmarketresearch.Com/drone-service-market-a08531](https://www.Alliedmarketresearch.Com/drone-service-market-a08531)
? Sustainable aviation fuel market opportunity analysis and industry forecast, 2021-2030
[https://www.Alliedmarketresearch.Com/sustainable-aviation-fuel-market-a13064](https://www.Alliedmarketresearch.Com/sustainable-aviation-fuel-market-a13064)
? Airport robots market opportunity analysis and industry forecast, 2021-2030
[https://www.Alliedmarketresearch.Com/airport-robots-market-a13127](https://www.Alliedmarketresearch.Com/airport-robots-market-a13127)
? Digital battlefield market opportunity analysis and industry forecast, 2021-2031
[https://www.Alliedmarketresearch.Com/digital-battlefield-market-a31877](https://www.Alliedmarketresearch.Com/digital-battlefield-market-a31877)
david correa
allied market research
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| Calendars - Aurora Public Schools |
| Posted on Tuesday, January 14 @ 00:00:16 PST (17 reads) | |
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| Committee to regulate diagnostic test pricing |
| Posted on Tuesday, January 14 @ 00:00:16 PST (24 reads) | |
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committee to regulate diagnostic test pricing
srinagar, jan. 14 -- the health & medical education department has constituted a committee for regulating and standardizing the quality and rates of diagnostic tests and pathological examinations done in private laboratories across jammu and kashmir.
as per an order issued by the h&me department, principal gmc srinagar will be the chairperson of the committee.
the members of the committee include hod pathology gmc, srinagar, hod pathology, gmc, jammu, hod microbiology gmc, jammu, hod biochemistry, (jvc medical college), bemina, hod radiology, gmc udhampur and director health services, kashmir.
the committee shall have the mandate to frame pricing of diagnostic tests/pathological examinations by way of measuring the impact of the cost ...
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| Queens Botanical Garden Free Admission Tuesdays (Winter Hours) - Flushing, NY | |
| Posted on Tuesday, January 14 @ 00:00:16 PST (17 reads) | |
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Free admission tuesday at queens botanical garden - see info below. Make a difference. Be part of someplace special by volunteering at qbg. Led by our knowledgeable staff, volunteers participate in a variety of activitiesfrom seeding to weeding, or supporting our education and administration departmentswhile gaining new experience and skills. We welcome individuals, community organizations, corporations, as well as high school and college groups. We offer a pleasant work environment, friendly mentors, flexible scheduling, and the opportunity to be part of a special 39-acre urban oasis. Unless otherwise specified, the opportunities listed are for individual sign-up only. Farm compost registration available approximately one month prior to each event. For more information or to register, click on the corresponding event on the right. Farm compost volunteer days may through october. Every wednesday and the last saturday of each month. Click here to sign up! Horticulture registration available approximately one month before each event. For more information or to register, click on the corresponding event on the right (or below if viewing on a mobile device). Horticulture volunteer days first thursday of the month, april through june and september through november. Click here to sign up! Fall community volunteer day sunday, november 4, 10am to 1pm roll up your sleeves and keep qbg clean and green! Led by qbg staff, volunteers will participate in a variety of gardening activities. Refreshments will be served. More info below. |
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| Grants to USA Nonprofits and Agencies in Multiple States for Affordable Rental H |
| Posted on Tuesday, January 14 @ 00:00:16 PST (10 reads) | |
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grants to usa nonprofits and agencies in multiple states for affordable rental housing initiatives
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| Fellowships to USA Individuals to Conduct Research to Improve Outcomes Among Peo |
| Posted on Tuesday, January 14 @ 00:00:16 PST (14 reads) | |
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fellowships to usa individuals to conduct research to improve outcomes among people with disabilities
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| The Relationship between Psychological Capital and Self-Management Beh | PPA |
| Posted on Tuesday, January 14 @ 00:00:16 PST (17 reads) | |
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|
The association between psychological capital and self-management behaviors in men with gout: a cross-sectional study in southwest china
authors [wang y](author_profile.Php?Id=2097715) [, ](https://orcid.Org/0000-0003-3889-230x)[chen y](author_profile.Php?Id=2097714), [qi q](author_profile.Php?Id=2097700), [song y](author_profile.Php?Id=918296) [, ](https://orcid.Org/0000-0003-2530-6308)[guo x](author_profile.Php?Id=2097705), [ma l](author_profile.Php?Id=2097709), [chen h](author_profile.Php?Id=2097712)
received 28 july 2024
accepted for publication 30 december 2024
published 14 january 2025 volume 2025:19 pages 97—105
doi [https://doi.Org/10.2147/ppa.S473905](https://doi.Org/10.2147/ppa.S473905)
checked for plagiarism yes
review by [single anonymous peer review](peer-review-guidelines)
peer reviewer comments 2
editor who approved publication:
[dr jongwha chang](public_profile.Php?Id=102377)
ying wang,1 yanling chen,1 qi qi,2 yuqing song,3 xin guo,1 ling ma,1 hong chen4
1department of rheumatology and immunology, west china hospital of sichuan university/west china school of nursing, sichuan university, chengdu, sichuan, people’s republic of china; 2department of operating room nursing, west china second university hospital, sichuan university/west china school of nursing, key laboratory of birth defects and related diseases of women and children (sichuan university), ministry of education, chengdu, sichuan, people’s republic of china; 3school of nursing, chengdu university of traditional chinese medicine, chengdu, sichuan, people’s republic of china; 4west china school of nursing/ west china hospital, sichuan university, chengdu, sichuan, people’s republic of china
correspondence: hong chen, west china school of nursing/west china hospital, sichuan university, no. 37, guoxue alley, wuhou district, chengdu, sichuan, 610041, people’s republic of china, tel +86 18980601733, email [[email protected]](/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection)
purpose: gout is a common, chronic inflammatory joint disease, and men are more likely to suffer from gout. Improving patient self-management behaviors is a priority in gout healthcare. Psychological capital is associated with self-management behaviors in chronic diseases and can be improved through a number of interventions. However, this topic has not been well studied in gout patients. The aim of this study was to determine the level of psychological capital among male gout patients in southwest china and to compare differences in self-management behaviors among patients with different levels of psychological capital.
patients and methods: this was a cross-sectional study. A total of 242 male gout patients were recruited from west china hospital of sichuan university, and demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, psychological capital, and behavioral variables related to patient self-management were collected. K-means cluster analysis was used to characterize psychological capital.
results: the total psychological capital score of the participants was 134.5 (sd = 21.3). Cluster analysis of the four dimensions of psychological capital yielded three clusters, namely, cluster 1 (higher level, 29.8%), cluster 2 (moderate level, 52.3%), and cluster 3 (poor level, 17.9%). The differences in the self-management behaviors among the three clusters, the differences were statistically significant. Post hoc analyses revealed that cluster 1 scored higher on the self-management behaviors and its four dimensions than either cluster 2 or cluster 3 (p < 0.05).
conclusion: the psychological capital of men with gout in southwest china could be improved, and moderate and low levels of psychological capital are associated with suboptimal self-management behaviors. Healthcare providers may target gout patients with low or moderate levels of psychological capital as an intervention and take steps to improve their levels of psychological capital. These results may assist in decision-making for self-management behavioral interventions for gout patients.
keywords: self efficacy, resilience, optimism, hope, cluster analysis
introduction
gout is a common chronic inflammatory joint disease that results from persistent elevations in serum uric acid (sua) levels and the deposition of uric acid crystals in joints, tendons, and other tissues.[1](#cit0001) gout has impact on patients’ somatic function,[2](#cit0002) social activities,[2](#cit0002) psychology and quality of life,[2](#cit0002) and it also causes significant economic loss and medical burden.[3](#cit0003),[4](#cit0004) the global prevalence of gout ranges from 0.03% to 15.30% and is gradually increasing.[1](#cit0001) men are more likely to suffer from gout, and the chinese rheumatism data center (crdc) reported that the ratio of male to female gout patients in china is 15:1.[5](#cit0005) between 1990 and 2017, the prevalence and incidence of gout in china increased by 6.88% and 6.16%,[1](#cit0001) respectively, and the prevalence and incidence of gout in men in china increased by 7.07% and 6.46%,[1](#cit0001) respectively, during this period. Thus, male patients are a priority for gout management in china.
the concept of treat-to-target (t2t) has been successfully applied to gout, and it is recommended that gout patients maintain sua levels below 360 ?Mol/l for a long period of time to promote crystal dissolution and prevent acute attacks of gout.[6](#cit0006) to achieve this therapeutic goal, gout patients should take measures such as long-term adherence to uric acid-lowering therapy, lifestyle changes, reduction of high-purine foods, and maintenance of a positive mental state, which means that self-management inevitably becomes the main mode of disease management for gout patients. Self-management is defined in the medical field as a health behavior that maintains and promotes health, wellness and management of disease, and persistent treatment of one’s disease through a number of behaviors[7](#cit0007) self-management has now become a hot research topic in chronic disease management.[8–10](#cit0008 cit0009 cit0010) to the best of our knowledge, the self-management behavior of gout patients is not optimal,[3](#cit0003) the adherence to urate-lowering therapy(ult) is only 47%,[11](#cit0011) and dietary control is also unsatisfactory.[12](#cit0012) therefore improving patients’ self-management behavior is also a focus of gout healthcare.
the implementation of self-management behavioral interventions presupposes an understanding of the factors associated with them. Previous studies have reported an association between chronic disease self-management behaviors and psychological factors.[13–16](#cit0013 cit0014 cit0015 cit0016) positive psychological capital, also known as psychological capital (psycap), comes from positive psychology and refers to the positive psychological state that emerges during an individual’s growth process, including the four dimensions of self-efficacy, resilience, optimism, and hope.[17](#cit0017) self-efficacy refers to a person’s confidence in performing a challenging task. It represents a belief that the individual is capable of navigating the motivation, cognitive resources, and course of action required to successfully solve a given task.[18](#cit0018) resilience is the ability to consistently overcome difficulties to succeed.[19](#cit0019) according to rutter, resilience is the ability of individuals to successfully manipulate their environment to avoid negative consequences of adverse events.[19](#cit0019) optimism refers to the positive attribution of current and possible future success. Optimism affects not only individuals’ positive expectations for the future but also the coping strategies they choose.[20](#cit0020) hope is the power to stick to a goal and adjust a path when necessary. People with high hope tend to be better at setting goals, resetting them in the face of adversity, and rationally using superior resources to achieve them.[18](#cit0018) these four concepts are independent, mutually reinforcing, and work together; in other words, individuals with high self-efficacy have hope for the future and relatively optimistic expectations for the future and are more resilient to adversity.[21](#cit0021) in recent years, psycap has been gradually applied in the field of health management.[,](#Cit0022)[ a good positive psychology not only enables patients to face the disease correctly but also ensures that they deal with the disease correctly and make the right lifestyle choices for a rational lifestyle during the long-term progression of the disease. Previous quantitative studies have reported that psycap variables such as self-efficacy, resilience, optimism, and hope are associated with chronic disease self-management behaviors.](#Cit0023)[,](#cit0016)[ furthermore, studies have confirmed that psycap can be enhanced by interventions.](#Cit0024 cit0025 cit0026)[27–29](#cit0027 cit0028 cit0029) therefore, it can be hypothesized that understanding the psycap of gout patients may aid in the development of self-management intervention programs. However, worldwide research on psycap in gout patients has been limited. In addition, the dimensional characteristics of individual psychoanalysis are heterogeneous with different individual psychological manifestations. We need to further elucidate the potential characteristics of psycap in gout patients and the differences in self-management behaviors among gout patients with different psychological characteristics to quickly identify intervention targets and improve the efficiency of nursing practice. Cluster analysis, an analytical process in which sets of data objects are grouped into multiple classes composed of similar objects, is an effective method for determining the psycap characteristics of gout patients.
therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the psycap levels of male gout patients in southwest china to explore the potential characteristics of their psycap through cluster analysis and to analyze the differences in the self-management behaviors of gout patients with different psychological characteristics.
materials and methods
study design
this was a cross-sectional study using convenience sampling.
sampling, recruitment and data collection
there are no clear recommendations for sample size estimation for cluster analysis. Some studies recommend a minimum sample size of not less than 2k (k = number of variables).[30](#cit0030) this study used the four dimensions of psycap as clustering variables, so the minimum sample size was 24 = 16.
the study was conducted from february 2021 to january 2022 at west china hospital of sichuan university, a regional center hospital with patients mainly from the surrounding areas of sichuan, yunnan, and guizhou. The inclusion criteria were (1) compliance with the 2015 american college of rheumatology (acr) and the european league against rheumatism (eular) diagnosis of gout by a rheumatologist,[5](#cit0005),[31](#cit0031) (2) 18 years old and more, (3) ability to read and comprehend the questionnaire, and (4) participation. The exclusion criterion was cognitive or psychiatric abnormalities.
all participants were referred by a rheumatologist to participate in a 24-week randomized controlled trial of self-management for people with gout.[32](#cit0032) while in previous studies we have used baseline data from this program to explore the association between participants’ psychosocial behaviors and quality of life,[33](#cit0033) the present study looks at participants’ level of psychological capital and its association to self-management behaviors. Participants were first informed about the study and if they showed willingness, trained researchers informed participants about the purpose and the voluntary, anonymous nature of the study. All participants signed the informed consent form, were asked to independently complete a paper questionnaire, and were encouraged to seek help when needed. Submitted questionnaires were checked for completeness by the researcher. Data were manually entered by two researchers and checked.
ethical considerations
the study complied with the ethical guidelines of the 1975 declaration of helsinki and received ethical approval from the medical ethics committee of west china hospital in 2020 (id: 2020898). All participants signed an informed consent form before the start of the study.
instruments
demographic and clinical characteristics
the demographic characteristics were self-reported by the participants, included age, body mass index (bmi), marital status, education, employment status, and monthly household income; and the clinical characteristics were extracted from the hospital information system, included disease course, sua level, visual analog scale (vas) score of joint pain in the past 6 months, comorbidities, ult, and tophi status.
psychological capital
the chinese version of the positive psycap questionnaire (ppq) was used to assess participants’ psycap.[,](#Cit0017)[ zhang et al validated a total cronbach’s alpha of 0.90.](#Cit0021)[21](#cit0021) the 26-item ppq scores ranged from 1–7, and the total score ranged from 26–182, with higher scores indicating better psycap scores.[,](#Cit0017)[ the ppq consists of four dimensions: self-efficacy, resilience, optimism, and hope. In this study, cronbach’s alpha was 0.93.](#Cit0021)
self-management behavior
the gout patient self-management assessment scale (gpsas) was used to measure the participants’ self-management behaviors.[34](#cit0034) yao et al developed the scale and validated its cronbach’s alpha of 0.962 and a content validity index of 0.905.[34](#cit0034) the gpsas scores of 41 items ranged from 1–5, with a total score of 41–205, with higher scores indicating better self-management behaviors.[34](#cit0034) the gpsas consists of four dimensions, ie, disease treatment management, diet management, lifestyle management, and psychosocial management. In this study, cronbach’s alpha was 0.92.
statistical analysis
the data were analyzed using spss (version 25.0, ibm corp). A one-sample k?S test was used to assess the normality of the data. Continuous variables are described using means (standard deviations) or medians (interquartile ranges) and categorical variables are expressed as frequencies and percentages.
to categorize the data according to the four dimensions of the ppq, we performed a k-means cluster analysis. We used the four dimensions of the ppq as metrics, assuming a k of 2–5. The “elbow rule” was used to review the calculation results, which showed that the optimal number of clusters was 3 ([figure 1](#f0001)).
figure 1 number of clusters determined according to the elbow rule. |
differences in demographic and clinical characteristics across ppq clusters were analyzed by the chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance (anova), the kruskal?Wallis test or the chi?Square test. Scores on the four dimensions of the ppq and gpsas were also compared across the three clusters using anova. Post hoc fisher’s least significant difference test (lsd-t) was used to compare variables that differed significantly between the three clusters, and p?0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.
results
demographic and clinical characteristics
in this study, 300 individuals were initially recruited, 242 of whom met the inclusion criteria. A total of 7 questionnaires were deleted due to the high level of duplication of all item options number; 235 questionnaires were included in the statistical analysis, and their demographic and clinical characteristics are listed in [table 1](#t0001).
table 1 demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants and differences among the three clusters of the ppq |
identifying the clusters of psycap
the total ppq score of the participants was 134.5 (sd = 21.3), and the self-efficacy, resilience, optimism, and hope dimensions were 36.0 (sd = 6.5), 33.9 (sd = 6.9), 32.2 (sd = 5.8), and 32.5 (sd = 6.0), respectively. Cluster analysis revealed three ppq clusters ([table 2](#t0002)), and the visualization results are shown in [figure 2](#f0002). The three clusters obtained were cluster 1 (n=70, 29.8%), cluster 2 (n=123, 52.3%), and cluster 3 (n=42, 17.9%), where the total ppq scores from highest to lowest were cluster 1 (159.9, sd=11.7), cluster 2 (130.5, sd=7.5), and cluster 3 (104.1, sd=9.3). The total ppq and four-dimensional scores of the three clusters were significantly different (p<0.001). Fisher’s lsd test was further used to determine significant differences between the two clusters (p<0.001). The demographic and clinical characteristics of the three different clusters are shown in [table 1](#t0001). The differences in educational status, work status, and monthly household income of the participants were statistically significant (p<0.05). In terms of clinical characteristics, a statistically significant difference in disease course was observed (p=0.026).
table 2 ppq dimension scores of the three clusters of psycap |
figure 2 visualization of the three clusters for the four subscales of ppq. |
differences in the characteristics and levels of gpsas across the three clusters
[table 3](#t0003) shows the differences in self-management levels across the three clusters. The gpsas score for all participants was 145.5 (sd=26.5), and the scores for the four dimensions of disease treatment management, diet management, lifestyle management, and psychosocial management were 49.2 (sd=10.7), 41.9 (sd=9.0), 28.3 (sd=7.8), and 26.1 (sd=5.7), respectively. The total gpsas score for cluster 1 was 161.0 (sd=21.5), that for cluster 2 was 140.7 (sd=25.6), and that for cluster 3 was 133.9 (sd=25.7). [Table 3](#t0003) lists the four gpsas dimension scores. The total gpsas score and the four dimension scores for all clusters were significant (p < 0.05). Further post hoc analysis using fisher’s lsd test showed that the scores of the gpsas and its four dimensions in cluster 1 were greater than those in cluster 2 or cluster 3 (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between cluster 2 and cluster 3 except for the psychosocial management dimension (p > 0.05).
table 3 level of gout self-management behavior based on the three clusters of ppq |
discussion
gout is a chronic and lifelong condition and maintaining positive self-management behaviors is critical. Gout affects patients in a variety of ways and is often accompanied by adverse emotional experiences.[2–4](#cit0002 cit0003 cit0004) psycap is a concept of human strength and positive aspects, and individuals with higher psycap are more likely to overcome negative emotions and produce positive behaviors.[35–37](#cit0035 cit0036 cit0037) therefore, we sought to determine the level of psycap in gout patients and whether it is associated with self-management behaviors.
we found that the psycap of gout patients was 134.5 (sd=21.3). Most of the previous psycap-related studies used quantitative research methods and could not consider the stratification of psycap levels. Through cluster analysis, we identified three ppq clusters, cluster 1 (higher level), cluster 2 (moderate level), and cluster 3 (poor level). The total ppq scores and dimensions of the study participants in the three clusters were significantly different, suggesting that the three clusters could distinguish between the three levels of psycap. This study also revealed that the majority of participants (70.2%) had poor or moderate levels of psycap, suggesting that the psycap levels of male gout patients in southwest china need to be improved and that healthcare providers need to develop interventions to improve the psycap of gout patients.
we also found statistically significant differences in total gpsas scores among the three clusters, with cluster 1 scoring higher than cluster 2 and cluster 3, and similar results were observed across the four dimensions of gpsas scores. This finding suggested that moderate and low levels of psycap may be associated with suboptimal self-management behaviors in gout patients. Previous studies have shown that one or more of the concepts in psycap are associated with self-management behaviors in patients with a number of chronic diseases such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and multiple sclerosis.[,](#Cit0013 cit0014 cit0015 cit0016)[ psycap can provide positive psychological support and can be reflected in personal behavior.](#Cit0038)[39](#cit0039) those with a higher psycap may see it from a more positive perspective and have better resilience than those with a lower psycap. Luthans and others suggested that a number of models including main, buffer, middle effects and dynamic effects models can influence outcomes and that these effects may be direct or indirect.[40–42](#cit0040 cit0041 cit0042) our study also confirmed that psycap is associated with self-management behaviors in gout patients, which means that healthcare providers can use increasing psycap as a strategy to improve self-management behaviors in gout patients.
psycap, which includes self-efficacy, resilience, optimism, and hope,[17](#cit0017) can be a positive psychological resource for adhering to self-management behaviors. Previous studies have emphasized the relevance of self-efficacy and self-management in patients with chronic diseases.[13](#cit0013),[38](#cit0038),[43](#cit0043),[44](#cit0044) in this study, the self-management behaviors of cluster 1 were significantly better than those of the other two clusters, clearly demonstrating the value of using self-efficacy as an intervention target. Individuals with chronic conditions who have high resilience are more likely to adopt positive self-management behaviors, a finding confirmed by our study.[,](#Cit0015)[ therefore, increasing the level of resilience may be beneficial for promoting self-management behaviors in gout patients. Wilski found that higher levels of optimism corresponded to greater self-management behavior.](#Cit0044)[16](#cit0016) this study also suggested that increasing the level of optimism in gout patients may be a way to improve their self-management behavior. Hope levels directly or indirectly influence self-management of chronic illness.[,](#Cit0014)[ the present study also revealed that high hope was associated with high self-management behaviors in gout patients, suggesting that interventions targeting hope may help improve self-management behaviors in gout patients.](#Cit0026)
we also found that participants in the three groups differed in terms of educational status, employment status, income level and disease course. A study of patients with ischemic stroke have similar findings.[45](#cit0045) future studies should explore the mechanisms by which these factors are associated with psychological capital in gout patients in order to develop interventions to improve their psychological capital.
this study has several limitations. First, these participants were recruited through convenience sampling. Therefore, the findings should be generalized with caution, and further multicenter studies are needed for validation. Second, this was a cross-sectional study, and the findings do not establish causal evidence. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine the role of psycap in self-management in gout patients. Third, this study used patient self-reported data, and the results are susceptible to recall bias.
despite these limitations, the significance of this study is to compensate for the lack of attention to the psychological capital of gout patients in previous studies. We analyzed the psycap status of patients with gout and, through cluster analysis, classified psycap with multidimensional characteristics into three clusters and determined that low, medium, and intermediate levels of psycap were associated with suboptimal self-management behaviors.
conclusion
in this study, we found that the psycap of gout patients still needs to be improved, and we divided the psycap of gout patients into three subgroups, in which moderate and lower levels of psycap corresponded to suboptimal self-management behaviors. Therefore, healthcare providers may intervene in gout patients with low, medium, and psycap levels and take certain measures to improve their psycap levels. These results may assist in decision-making for self-management behavioral interventions for gout patients.
acknowledgments
the authors acknowledge gout patients who were involved in this study for providing feedback and data.
funding
this work was supported by the scst (science and technology of sichuan province) (grant no.2018fz0110 and no.2023jdr0251).
disclosure
the authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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king open school (preschool - grade 5)
dr. Martin luther king, jr. School (preschool - grade 5)
morse school (preschool - grade 5)
peabody school (preschool - grade 5)
tobin montessori school (preschool - grade 5)
cambridge street upper school (grades 6-8)
putnam ave upper school (grades 6-8)
rindge avenue upper campus (grades 6-8)
vassal lane upper school (grades 6-8)
cambridge rindge & latin school (crls) (grade 9 - post-grad)
rindge school of technical arts (9-12)
high school extension program (9-12)
cps departments
interim superintendent
happy summer: june 2014
welcome back from the superintendent
cambridge public schools district plan
welcome back from the superintendent 2014-15
cps budget
superintendent search
cps district plan
superintendents blog
district news
superintendents entry plan
schools
departments
elementary and early education
fridays incident in santa fe, tx
cambridge rindge and latin high school graduation remarks 2018
curriculum & instruction
2023-2024 staff colloquium
information, communication & technology services
library media
educational technology
media arts
technical services
digital and creative services
icts leadership team
student data privacy in cambridge public schools
student data privacy at cps
approved online applications
digital resources list
online application procedures
digital resources procedures
cps core applications
technology professional development
icts newsletter
shareit @ cps
templates, logos, and more
library media services
icts policies
links and tools
resources for parents
from the chief information officer: november 2014
from the chief information officer: april 2015
authors and illustrators @ cps libraries
technical service members are commonly asked, “why?”
balancing classroom innovation & student privacy
media arts (mas)
office of equity, inclusion & belonging
operations
student registration center
welcome to cps
school registration: what is next?
registering for
hardship appeals
waitlist & transfers
special considerations
making your choices
frequently asked questions
recent lottery data
frc assignment process update
assignment process update
school finder
online request to transfer form: grades preschool-5
student registration center calendar
cps classroom size grades k-8: contractual limits & target capacity
registration options
before and after school activities, programs, teams, and clubs
directions
transportation
bus route and stop finder
eligibility criteria
notes for all parents
bus & safety rules
tips for high schoolers
door-to-door transportation
delays
safe walking routes
rules
new: bus pass pilot
lost & found
transportation plan form
follow us on twitter
late bus
where’s my bus right now? Track it!
after school transportation guidance for 2023-2024 school year
agenda for children
cambridge office of early childhood
early college / dual enrollment
educational technology
health, physical education & wellness
elementary
elementary physical education (preschool- 5)
upper school physical education (grades 6 - 8)
crls physical education
fourth grade elementary swim
elementary physical education teachers
middle school
middle school physical education teachers
high school physical education teachers
fifth grade dance unit
high school
current crls course offerings
elementary cycle kids program
health education
district information
health education information
health and fitness report cards
health education faqs
preschool-12 aquatics program
homeschool
library media
mathematics
media arts
office of academics
digital resources
academic departments
district plan
health & wellness
science
nclb report cards
reports & presentations
reports & presentations - archive
school improvement plans
social emotional learning screener faq
staff listing
statewide assessments: changes ahead
student data privacy
student data reports
summer reading & programs
world language
teachers resource center
visual & performing arts
teaching and learning framework
2022-2023 mcas & accountability data
2024-2025 school day schedule for elementary and upper schools
2023-2024 mcas & accountability data
office of elementary & secondary education
program description
staff listing
district improvement plan
schools
early childhood
junior kindergarten classrooms
kindergarten curriculum guide
title 1
cps student benchmarks
birth to third grade partnership
the early years project: supporting caregivers of young children
early literacy intervention (eli)
curriculum review
het instructional task force
dese report cards
reading recovery
school improvement plans
statewide assessments: changes ahead
school & district report cards
student data reports
reports and presentations
office of student services
special education
section 504
assistive technology
advanced learning support
executive leadership team
special education parent advisory council
office of student services staff
testimonials
iep process
laws & regulations
transportation
dese - district profile
dese - special education
archives
strategic planning process
overview of services
resources
news & updates
2016 oss summer services and programs
letter from dr. Greer: january 2017
frequently asked questions
important documents/forms
office of student services calendar
parent & guardian resources
teacher & paraprofessional resources
school psychologist & social worker / adjustment counselor resources
out of district (ood)
office of student services directory
special start
child find
update from oss: march 27, 2020
updates
oss resources
remote learning resources
i-ready family support
social and emotional learning
special start program
family portal
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| My book on Samuel E. Konkin III is now available |
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monday 13 january 2025 i am delighted to announce that my book on my old friend samuel e. Konkin iii (sek3) is now available. The book was released on december 20th and is offered in both digital and paperback formats. The paperback can be purchased on amazon, while the digital copy is available on the website
- monday 13 january 2025 - 00:00:00 - - |
new bitcoin address - 30 nov 2020 1ee7g7zaureviprwtlpbegnpdrp62qxq3j
date published: mon, 13 jan 2025 06:20:44 +0000
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biden admin has forgiven more than $17b from student borrowers who were defrauded by their colleges. Date published: mon, 13 jan 2025 06:20:44 +0000
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source: the bulwark by david shaywitz “our medical tools and techniques are rapidly improving ... Date published: sun, 12 jan 2025 15:01:34 +0000
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